What is the cause of hydatidiform mole?

Hydatidiform mole is a pregnancy-related disease, mainly due to abnormal development of the fertilized egg, which leads to abnormal proliferation of placental tissue. Its cause may be related to genetic, environmental, physiological factors and pathological changes. Treatment should be based on specific circumstances, including surgery, medication or follow-up observation.

1. Genetic factors

The occurrence of hydatidiform mole is closely related to chromosomal abnormalities. Complete hydatidiform mole is usually formed by the combination of an empty egg and haploid sperm, resulting in all chromosomes coming from the father; partial hydatidiform mole may be caused by fertilization of two sperms, with an abnormal number of chromosomes. Women with a family history of hydatidiform mole have a higher risk of the disease, and women with a relevant family history are recommended to receive genetic counseling before pregnancy.

2. Environmental factors

Certain factors in the external environment may increase the risk of hydatidiform mole. For example, long-term exposure to chemicals, radiation, or living in a heavily polluted area may affect the quality of eggs or sperm. Malnutrition and folic acid deficiency may also increase the risk of disease. During pregnancy preparation, you should avoid exposure to harmful substances, eat a balanced diet, and supplement necessary nutrients.

3. Physiological factors

Age is an important factor affecting hydatidiform mole. Women under 20 or over 40 have a higher risk of the disease, which may be related to the decline in egg quality. A history of multiple miscarriages and infertility treatments may also increase the risk. It is recommended that older pregnant women strengthen monitoring during pregnancy and undergo regular ultrasound examinations to detect abnormalities early.

4. Pathological factors

Molar pregnancy may be associated with certain diseases, such as polycystic ovary syndrome and thyroid dysfunction. These diseases may affect hormone levels and interfere with the normal development of the fertilized egg. Women with related diseases should manage their pregnancy under the guidance of a doctor and adjust their treatment plan if necessary.

Treatment:

1. Surgical treatment: Curettage is the main treatment for hydatidiform mole, which involves surgical removal of abnormal tissue. For high-risk patients, hysterectomy may be required.

2. Drug treatment: Methotrexate can be used to treat persistent hydatidiform mole and inhibit the growth of abnormal cells. Chemotherapy drugs such as etoposide can also be used to treat malignant hydatidiform mole.

3. Follow-up observation: HCG levels should be monitored regularly after surgery to ensure full recovery. Pregnancy should be avoided during the follow-up period until the doctor confirms it is safe.

The etiology of hydatidiform mole is complex, involving genetic, environmental, physiological and pathological factors. Early diagnosis and standardized treatment are key, and patients should actively cooperate with doctors for management to reduce the risk of recurrence.